Geometrically Invariant Watermarking Scheme Based on Local Feature Points

Based on local invariant feature points and cross ratio principle, this paper presents a feature-point-based image watermarking scheme. It is robust to geometric attacks and some signal processes. It extracts local invariant feature points from the image using the improved scale invariant feature transform algorithm. Utilizing these points as vertexes it constructs some quadrilaterals to be as local feature regions. Watermark is inserted these local feature regions repeatedly. In order to get stable local regions it adjusts the number and distribution of extracted feature points. In every chosen local feature region it decides locations to embed watermark bits based on the cross ratio of four collinear points, the cross ratio is invariant to projective transformation. Watermark bits are embedded by quantization modulation, in which the quantization step value is computed with the given PSNR. Experimental results show that the proposed method can strongly fight more geometrical attacks and the compound attacks of geometrical ones.